Due to numerous side effects of synthetic remedies, people are turning increasingly to phytotherapy, which is based on the use of medicinal herbs. Pharmaceutical industry shows great interest in the usage of plants as raw materials in the remedy production. In the past ten years, a large number of in vitro and clinical studies focused on the therapeutic effects of spices, creating a scientific basis for their application in modern phytotherapy. Dill has a long and ancient history in many countries as a medicinal herb. Uses described in traditional medicine are aphrodisiac, analgesic, antipyretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, galactogogue, appetite stimulant and vaginal contraceptive. Treatment of diarrhoea, astma, neuralgia, dysuria, dysmenorrhoea, gallbladder disease, insomnia, hiatus hernia and kidney stones are also described. However, according to experimental it is established that dill reduces flatulence, eliminates spasms in the small intestine, protects the mucous membrane of the stomach from damage caused by increased acidity of gastric juice, the harmful effects of alcohol and drugs, and that it has antibacterial effect on Helicobacter pylori. All of these characteristics make the treatment of gastritis effective. Also, it was found that dill acts as hepatoprotectant, hypolipidaemic and anti-diabetic, as well as anti-inflammatory agent. Dill also influences the nervous system by protecting it against mild cognitive disorders that result from aging or the initial stages of Alzheimer's disease. It also improves memory and reduces stress and can be used in the treatment of epilepsy. Dill is also a good sedative since it acts as a depressant of the central nervous system and reduces mobility producing a calming effect. This herb also impacts the reproductive system of males as an aphrodisiac and a natural contraceptive while it affects females by regulating the menstrual cycle. Dill has antifungal properties against Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, A. niger and Sacharomyces cerevisae, as well as antibacterial, especially on certain strains of bacteria which are resistant to synthetic antibiotics in wide use. It also has antiparasitic properties against Giardia lamblia and Pheretima posthuma. Taking everything into consideration, it can be concluded that dill, as a traditional remedy, has its legitimate reasons for being used in modern phytotherapy.
A., A., M.Z., M., M.S., J., T.A., M., & A, A. (2013). Effects of the aquareous extract of Anethum graveolens leaves on seizure induced by pentilenetetrazole in mice. Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences, 20(5), 23–30.
A., R., S., G., A.H., J., & M, D. (2012). The effect of 4-weeks aerobic training according with the usage of Anethum graveolens on blood sugar and lipoproteins profile of diabetic women. Annals of Biological Research, 3(9), 4313–4319.
Aćimović, M. (2015). Tehnologija gajenja mirođije sa osvrtom na bolesti i štetočine. Biljni Lekar, 43(3), 353–359.
A.N., S., O.N., P., V.G., M., H., W., R., V., & M, H. (2014). Medicinal plants of the Russian Pharmacopoeia; their history and applications. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 154, 481–536.
A.S., S., I.H., M., & A.I.A, A.-G. (2012). Effects of Anethum graveolens leave powder on lipid profile in hyperlipidemic patients. Spatula, 2(3), 153–158.
A.S., S., I.H., M., & S.A, S. (2014). Antigiardial effect of Anethum graveolens aqueous extract in children. Journal of Intercultural Etnopharmacology, 3(3), 109–112.
C., J., C., M., G., P., L.C., R., L., A., & A.T, G. (2012). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils obtained from dill (Anethum graveolens L.) grown in western Romania. Revista de Chimie (Bucharest, 63(6), 641–645.
E., R.-K., & G, R. (1993). The sedative and antinociceptive effects of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) used in folk medicine. Proceedings of the 2nd European Symposium on Ethnopharmacology and the 11th International Conference on Ethnomedicine Heidelberg (Allemagne, 24 27.
E.M., R., M., H., & M.R, K. (2010). Antimicrobial activity and the median lethal dose of dill (Anethum graveolens) extract. Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 2(1), 16–27.
flavus. (n.d.). PloS ONE, 7(1).
G., I., & M, F. (2012). The effect of Anethum graveolens upon the growth of E. coli. UPB Scientific Bulletin, Series B, 74(3), 85–92.
G., S., S., M., Lampasona M.P., & C, C. (2005). Chemical constituents, antimicrobial investigations, and antioxidative potentials of Anethum graveolens L. essential oil and acetone extract: Part 52. Food Microbiology and Safety, 70(4), 208–2015.
H., H., G.R., K., & M, A. (2002). Effects of Anethum graveolens L. seed extracts on experimental gastric irritation models in mice. BMC Pharmacology, 2(21), 1471-2210 2 21.
H., Z., J., T., Y., Z., X., B., J., Z., Y., M., & Y, W. (2011). In vitro and in vivo activities of essential oil from seed of Anethum graveolens L.
I.H, M. (2012). of Anethum graveolens in the management of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Mustansiriya Medical Journal, 11(1), 98.
J., T., X., B., H., Z., J., H., Y., C., & Y, W. (2012). The mechanism of antifungal action of essential oil from dil.
K., T., K., K., & N, R. (2014). Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Anethum graveolens L. dried fruit extracts. Chiang Mai Journal of Science,41(3):649-660.
Kišgeci, J. (2002). Lekovito bilje: gajenje, sakupljanje, upotreba.
L., A., R., C., N., M., & F, C. (2010). Milk thistle in liver diseases: past, present, future. Phytotherapy Research, 24(10), 1423–1432.
L., J., G., B., A.S., S., E.V., G., & S.T, D. (2003). Composition, quality control and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of long time stored dill (Anethum graveolens L.) seeds from Bulgaria. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51, 3854–3857.
L., P., A., O., M., M., Y.K., B., M.A., J., A.B., M., & S, M. (2014). Anethum graveolens L. suplementation has anti-inflammatory effect in type 2 diabetic patients. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 13(3), 461–465.
M., A., J., S., M., C., G., J., & N, D. (2014). morfoloških karakteristika mirođije i kvaliteta etarskog ulja ploda. Letopis Naučnih Radova, Poljoprivredni Fakultet u Novom Sadu, 38(1), 79.
M., A., Lj., K., J., L., M., G., S., M., A., P., & S, O. (2014). Upotreba komorača u organskoj poljoprivredi. Biljni Lekar, 42(5), 408–415.
M., A., Lj., K., S., P., & N, D. (2015). Apiaceae seeds as functional food. Journal of Agricultural Sciences Belgrade, 60(3), 246.
M., A., & S, O. (2013). Mogućnosti primene kima, anisa i korijandra u organskoj proizvodnji. Biljni Lekar, 41(4), 460–466.
M., A., S., O., Z., D., M., O., & J, V. (2013). Effect of biofertilizers, organic manure and chemical NPK fertilizer on the growth and yield parameters of dill (Anethum graveolens L. The First Mediterranean Symposium on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants MESMAP – 2013, April 17-20th, 2013 Gazimagosa (Famagusta) – Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Abstract Book, 124.
M., A., S., P., A., P., M., G., B., K., S., M., & S, O. (2015). Biološke vrednosti mirođije (Anethum graveolens L.) i njen potencijal za primenu u organskoj poljoprivredi. Biljni Lekar, 43(3), 281–286.
M., B., & W.R, B. (1998). The complete German Commission E monographs: therapeutic guide to herbal medicines.
M., Đ., V., P., T., P., A., A., M., M., D., K., N., M., & MišanA. (2015). Antihyperlipidemic, antioxidant and weightlowering effects of “Vitalplant.” Open Life Science, 10, 291–298.
M., Đ.-B., T., P., V., P., A., A., M., M., D., K., N., J., & N, M. (2013). Hypolipidemic and antioxidant eff ects of buckwheat leaf and fl ower mixture in hyperlipidemic rats. Bosnian Journal of Basic Medicinal Science, 13(2), 108–108.
M., M., A., B., & M, R. (2014). Anethum graveolens and hyperlipidemia: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 19, 758–761.
M., M., A., G., S., A., & E, A. (2015). Effects of Anethum graveolens L. (dill) on oocite and fertility of adult female rats. Journal of Reproduction and Infertility, 16(1), 10–17.
M., M., L., P., A., O., Y.K., B., M.A., J., & S, M. (2014). Anethum graveolens supplementation improves insulin sensitivity and lipid abnormality in type 2 diabetic patients. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20, 40–45.
M., M., M., G., & A, B. (2006). The effect of Anethum graveolens L. on female reproductive system of rats. DARU, 14(3), 131–135.
M., M., M., M., E., H., F., G., & R, M. (2012). Anti-fertility effects of different fractions of Anethum graveolens L. extracts on female rats. African Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 9(3), 336–341.
M., M., N., N., A., K., S., H.-R., E., T., & B, L. (2012). The effect of 12 weeks Anethum graveolens (dill) on metabolic 32 syndrome; a randomized double blind controllled trial. DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20(47), 20 1 47.
M., N., F., M., M., K., M., K., A., D., R., C., A., H., Z., B., S., S., & M, E. (2012). The study of anti-inflammatory activity of oil based dill (Anethum graveolens L.) extract used topically in formalin-induced inflammation male rat paw. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 11(4), 1169–1174.
M., R., A., G., P., S., & F, S. (2014). Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Anethum graveolens seed on pentylenetetrazol-induced seizure in adult male mice. Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 5(3), 199–204.
M., R.-A., A., B., V., N., M., S., S., O., M.S., Y., & M, G. (2013). Antinociceptive properties of hydro alcoholic extracts of Anethum graveolens L. (dill) seed and aerial parts in mice. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, 3(122).
M., S., M., R.-K., A., M., E., H., N., R., A., H., N., N., E., & A, B. (2013). Suppressive impact of Anethum graveolens consumption on biochemical risk factors of artherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 4(8), 889–895.
Mishra, N. (2013). Haematological and hypoglycemic potential Anethum graveolens seed extract in normal and diabetic Swiss albino mice. Veterinary World, 6(8), 502–507.
M.K.G., N., & A, H. (2007). Antispasmodic effect of Anethum graveolens fruit extract on rat ileum. International Journal of Pharmacology, 3(3), 260–264.
M.M., R., N.N., A.-A., H.H., E.-K., K.Z., G., & A.R.H, F. (2013). Volatile compounds and antioxidant activity of the aromatic herb Anethum graveolens. Journal for Arab Society for Medicinal Research, 8, 79–88.
N., M., M., M., L., A., & N, M. (2014). Phytotherapy and NAFLD - from goals and challenges to clinical practice. Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials, 9, 195–203.
N., M., N., M., S., G., T., B., L., A., & F, B. (2014). Warfarin interactions with medicinal herbs. Natural Product Communications, 9(8), 1211–1216.
N.M., R., & A.O, A. (2014). Hepatoprotective effect of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) oil on hepatotoxic rats. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 13(6), 303–309.
Organization, W. H. (2006). WHO Monographs on selected medicinal plants (Vol. 3, p. 30).
P., D., & S, P. (2012). Phytochemical analysis and antibactrial effeicacy of dill seed oil against multi-drug resistant clinical isolates. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 5(2), 62–64.
P., S., L.V., G., H., S., & J, E. (2014). The effect of Anethum graveolens L. seeds on male reproductive functions and CREM gene expression in the testis of rats. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 7(9), 1883–1886.
Panda, S. (2008). The effect of Anethum graveolens L. (dill) on corticosteroid induced Diabetes mellitus: Involvement of thyroid hormones. Phytotherapy Research, 22, 1695–1697.
R., H., N., M., A., H., H.A., T., M., K., & M.K, M. (2014). Effect of dill (Anethum graveolens) on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea in compared with mefenamic acid: A randomized, double-blind trial. Journal of Research in Medicinal Sciences, 19, 326–330.
R., T., D., S., & P, K. (2012). Hepatoprotective and antioxidant efficacy of Anethum graveolens linn in carbon tetrachloride induced 31 hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 4(4), 1885–1888.
R., Y., & S, B. (2008). Evaluation of the effect of Anethum graveolens L. crude extrats on serum lipids and lipoproteins profiles in hypercholesterolaemic rats. DARU, 16(2), 88–94.
R.S., S., R.C., D., P.S., S., S.R., P., & Y.A, P. (2014). Investigation of in vitro anthelmintic activity of Anethum graveolens against Pheretima posthuma. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3(8), 1281–1287.
R.U., Z., M.S., A., & M.S, K. (2004). Preliminary evaluation of Anethum graveolens fruit in indomethacin-ulcer induced rats. Journal of Biological Sciences, 4(2), 151–156.
R.U., Z., M.S., A., & M.S, K. (2006). In vitro antibacterial screening of Anethum graveolens L. International Journal of Pharmacology, 2(6), 674–677.
S., B., & R, Y. (2008). Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of different fractions of Anethum graveolens leaves using in vitro models. Pharmacologyonline, 2, 219–233.
S., I., T., P., W., S., S., M., P., S., N., U., W., T., & J, W. (2013). Anethum graveolens Linn. (dill) extract enhances the mounting frequency and level of testiculat tyrosine protein phosphorylation in rats. Journal of Zhejiang University.
S., J., & G.S, S. (2010). Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial screening of in vivo and in vitro extracts of Indian medicinal herb: Anethum graveolens. Research Journal of Medicinal Plant, 4(4), 206–212.
S., K., & D.K, C. (2011). Anethum graveolens Linn (Umbelliferae) extract attenuates stress induced urinary biochemical changes and improves cognition in scopolamine-induced amnesic rats. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 10(1), 47–54.
S.E., Z., N., G., M., K., & M.T, S. (2012). Effect of dill (Anethum graveolens Linn.) seed on uterus contractions pattern in active phase of labor. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 11(4), 602–606.
S.F., H., F., B., J., M., F., G., & S, A. (2014). A randomized clinical trial of the efficacy of applaying a simple protocol of boiled Anethum graveolens seeds on pain intensity and duration of labour stages. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 22, 970–976.
S.T., M., S.F., H., A., K., F., A., & M, S. (2015). Evaluating the effects of dill (Anethum graveolens) seed on the duration of active phase and intensity of labour pain. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 5, 26–29.
The Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of India (1999): Part I. (n.d.). In . New Delhi, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of Indian System of Medicine and Homeopathy.: Vol. II.
Tucakov, J. (2006). Lečenje biljem: fitoterapija.
V, P. J. (2001). Jugoslovenska Farmakopeja. Savezni zavod za zaštitu i unapredjenje zdravlja.
V.K., J., V., J., S., B., & W, S. (2010). Comparative evaluation of antioxidant properties of edible and non-edible leaves of Anethum graveolens Linn. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources, 1(2), 168–173.
W., T.-M., & J, W. (2012). Evaluation of safety and protective effect of combined extract of Cissampelos pareira and Anethum graveolens (PM52) against age-related cognitive impairment. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Article ID674101.
W.S.H, A. (2013). Hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities of Anethum graveolens against acetaminophen induced liver damage in rats. World Journal of Medical Sciences, 8(4), 387–392.
Y., C., H., Z., J., T., X., B., B., M., & Y, W. (2013). Antifungal mechanism of essential oil from Anetum graveolens seeds against Candida albicans. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 62, 1175–1183.
(N.d.). In British Pharmacopoeia Commission (2004): BP: Vol. IV, A (pp. 248–250).
Citation
Copyright
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). We stay neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
